Table of Figures
SECTION 1: CYBER-HUMAN SYSTEMS (CHS)
- The Technological Future – Merging with Machines [Toebes] √
1‑1 Ancient Egyptian Prosthetic Toe
1‑2 Capua Leg – 300BC
1‑3 Prosthetic Hand Device To Enable Writing
1‑4 3D Printed Prosthetic Hand
1‑5 3D Printed Parts For Iron Man Prosthetic Arm
1‑6 Historical Exoskeletons
1‑7 Timeline Of Exoskeletons 2014-2020
1‑8 Shift Moonwalkers
1‑9 Hypershell
1-10 Gundam Factory Moving RX-78 Gundam
1-11 J-Diete Ride Transforming Robot
1-12 Kuratas
1-13 Super Guzzilla
1-14 Extra Thumb – Photograph: Tom Stewart
1-15 3D Bioprinter Printing A Sample (Image Credit Andrew Brodhead)
1-16 3D Printing Mice Stem Cells On An Anet A8 Printer
1-17 3D Printing Inside The Body
1-18 Micro/Nanomotors In Regenerative Medicine
1-19 Pangolin-Inspired RF Heating Mechanism For Untethered Magnetic Robots
1-20 Picking Up A Paper Clip With An Implanted Magnet
1‑21 Project Bionic Yourself (B10NLC) Implant In Arm
1-22 Wearable Ultrasonic Sensor
1-23 2014 Telepathy Experiment
1-24 Language Decoder For LLM A.I.
1-25 Neuralink Insertion Robot
1-26 Virtuix Omni One VR Treadmill
1-27 Haptx Force Feedback VR Gloves
1-28 Nimbro Xprize Avatar Finals Operator Station
2. CHS Sensors and the Law (Lonstein) √
2-1 Protests in Melbourne Australia (William, West Agency France-Presse
2-2 Las Vegas Mass Shooting
2-3 Lindbergh accepts medal presented by Hermann Goering on behalf of Adolph Hitler
2-4 Leaving Los Alamos
2-5 Sidney J. Stein Grave, Frazer, Pa.
2-6 RAI Survey April 2023
2-7 War Games Movie Nuclear War Machine Learning Scene
3. Artificial Brains and Body (Mumm) √
3-1: Humanoid robot in runner’s starting stance
3-2: Comparison Chart of Humanoid vs. Robot
3-3: Jellyfish might clean the ocean one day
3-4: Jellyfish might clean the ocean one day
3-5: Beerbots help fermentation
3-6: Creating the future
3-7: Phoenix
3-8: Velox Robot
3-9: Robotic Manicure Station
3-10: Male human wearing an augmented reality visor with graphene sensors attached to the back of the scalp
3-11: Brain image highlighting surgical area
3-12: A Caterpillar 550 autonomous mining truck
4. AI / ML And Agriculture And Food Industries [Nichols, Hood, Sincavage] √
4-1 Integrate UAV Technology with Yield Maps
4-2 (a) State-of-the-art open-loop remote sensing paradigm and (b) closed-loop IPM paradigm envisioned in this article. Sensing drones could be used for detection of pest hotspots, while actuation drones could be used for precision distribution of solutions
4-3 Digital Farmland
4-4 SOCIP
4-5 Role of AI in the Food Industry
4-6 Important Applications Taken From Food Processing And Handling Industry
4-7 Data Analysis in the Food Industry
4-8 ML Application In The Restaurant Business
4-9 AI in Food Safety
4-10 Robocrop picking crops
4-11 Animal Disease From Potential Bioterrorist Agents I
4-12 Animal Disease From Potential Bioterrorist Agents II
4-13 Human Disease From Potential from Bioterrorist Agents I
4-14 Human Disease From Potential from Bioterrorist Agents II
4-15 USDA High Consequence Foreign Animal Diseases and Pests I
4-16 USDA High Consequence Foreign Animal Diseases and Pests II
4-17 Selected Zoonoses of Companion Animals I
4-18 Selected Zoonoses of Companion Animals II
4-19 NASA Earth Fleet
4-20 Layers of Agriculture Investigation
- The Reality of Cyborgs and the Look of the Future (Johnson) √
5-1 Neil Harbisson, A Color-Blind Artist Whose Neurological Implant Allows Him To Hear Sound
5-2 Steve Mann’s Wearable Computer
5-3 Evolution Of Cyborg
5-4 Rob Spence, Eyeborg
5-5 Detail Of Rob Spence Prosthetic Eye.
5-6 Augmented Reality Sar
5-7 Var & Rf-Visual In Hand Verification
5-8 Brain Control Interface
5-9 Development Of Neuron Devices
5-10 Agonist-Antagonist Myoneural Interface (Ami) And Neuro-Embodied Design
5-11 Agonist-Antagonist Myoneural Interface (Ami) And Neuro-Embodied Design
5-12 Dr. Hugh Herr & Ami Prosthetic Legs
5-13 Dr. Herr & Adrianne Haslet-Davis, A Ballroom Dancer Lost Her Left Leg In The 2013 Terror Attack On The Boston Marathon.
5-14 DARPA Conception Of An Exoskeleton For Soldiers
5-15 The Human Universal Load Carrier, Or HULC
5-16 BMI & BCI For Sensorimotor Disorder
5-17 BMI & BCI For Bi-Directional Thought Control Of Prosthesis
5-18 Timeline Of BCI & AI Development
5-19 Prospects Of BCI
5-20 Pew Research Center Data
5-21 Pew Research Center Data
5-22 Pew Research Center Data
5-23 The Singularity Timeline
5-24 The Six Epochs Of Evolution
5-25 NASA “The Cyborg Study” Design Group Requirements
6. Machines Hacking Machines – Turing’s Legacy (Carter) √
6-1 German Enigma Machine
6-2 The Enigma Plugboard
6-3 Agreement Between France, Great Britain, and Poland
6-4 WWII Polish Mathematician Marian Rejewski
6-5 Bletchley Park Codebreakers
6-6 Polish Enigma Machine
6-7 The Purple Machine
6-8 In Dayton Ohio, U.S. Navy women worked in three shifts a day constructing the many gears and gadgets that make up the Bombes
6-9 Diagram of the Turing Test
6-10 Cartoon the Turing Test
6-11 SpiNNaker
6-12 Alan Mathison Turing
7. Management Challenges for Mixed Human-Machine Teams (Ryan) √
8. Chapter 8: Neurostrike – The Cyber, Cognitive, Nanotech And Electronic Gateway To Mindfully Impaired Metaverse And CHATGPT (McCreight) √
8-1 Extract From Nanoparticles In Food Raise Safety Questions
SECTION 2: SPACE THREATS
9. Biological Threats and Growth in Space (Sincavage & Muehlfelder, & Carter ) √
9-1 The Allan Hills 84001 Meteorite
9-2 International Space Station
9-3 Bacteria Found On Curiosity Before Launch
9-4 Methylobacterium
9-5 Fungi From The Microbial Tracking-1 Experiment
10. Space Electronic Warfare (Nichols) √
10-1 The Ephemeris Defines The Satellite’s Location With Six Factors.
10-2 Altitude Of A Circular Satellite Is A Function Of Its Orbital Period
10-3 Earth Trace Of The Satellite Is The Path Of The SVP Over The Earth’s Surface In A Polar View.
10-4 Earth Trace Of A Satellite Is The Path Of The SVP Over The Earth’s Surface In An Equatorial View.
10-5 Example Calculation: Maximum Range To A Synchronous Satellite On The Horizon Is 41,759 km By Kepler’s Laws. Link Loss For A 2 GHz Signal Would Be From 189.5 To 190.9 dB.
10-6 The Azimuth And Elevation Angle From The Nadir Defines The Direction Of A Threat To A Satellite.
10-7 A Spherical Triangle Is Formed Between The North Pole, The SVP, and the Threat Location.
10-8 The Elevation From The Nadir And Range To A Threat From A Satellite Can Be Determined From The Plane Triangle Defined By The Satellite, Threat, And The Center Of The Earth.
10-9 Intercepted Communication Signal
10-10 Jammed / Spoofed Communications Signal
10-11 Successful Intercept
10-12 Shows Successful Spoofing Of A Satellite Signal.
10-13 Intercept Link
11. Space Systems Modeling and Simulation (Diebold) √
11-1: Apollo Program Command Module Simulator (Source: NASA TN D-7122)
11-2: Simulator Use for Flight Crew Training (Source: NASA TN D-7122)
11-3: Space Environment: Total Launches by Country from 1957 to 2022 (Source: CSIS Aerospace Security | Space-Track.org)
11-4: Graphic Representation of All Satellites Orbiting Earth by Country of Ownership (Source: SatelliteXplorer | ESRI)
11-5: Tomahawk Missile Model (Source: The Guardian | Credit: US Navy)
11-6: Image of Sharyat Airfield, Syria (Source: USNI News | Image Credit: US Department of Defense)
11-7: Aftermath of 2017 Tomahawk Strike on Shayrat Airfield (Source: USNI News | Image Credit: US Department of Defense)
11-8: Aftermath of 2017 Tomahawk Strike on Shayrat Airfield (Source: USNI News | Image Credit: US Department of Defense)
11-9: How it Works – Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (Sources: The Independent, Wikimedia Commons, Globalsecurity.org, U.S. Department of Defense | Image Credit: Karl Tate/Space.com)
11-10: Notional Flight Paths of Hypersonic Boost-Glide Missiles, Ballistic Missiles, and Cruise Missiles (Source: Breaking Defense | Credit: CSBA)
11-11: Ballistic vs. Hypersonic Missile Trajectories (Source: GAO-22-105075)
11-12: Notional Generic MDTF (Source: CRS IF11797 | Credit: Chief of Staff Paper #1 Army Multi-Domain Transformation Ready to Win in Competition and Conflict)
11-13: The delivery of the prototype hypersonic hardware to soldiers of 5th Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery Regiment, 17th Field Artillery Brigade is completed Oct. 7, 2021, with a ceremony at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington (Source: DefenseNews | Image Credit: Staff Sgt. Kyle Larsen/U.S. Army)
11-14: Crew members from the 912th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron secure the AGM-183A Air-launched Rapid Response Weapon Instrumented Measurement Vehicle 2 as it is loaded under the wing of a B-52H Stratofortress during a hypersonic test, Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., Aug. 6, 2020. (Source: Space.com | Image Credit: USAF/Giancarlo Casem)
11-15: Model of Chinese DF-ZF Hypersonic Missile (Source: Atlantic Council | Credit: Wikimedia Commons)
11-16: Russian Kinzhal Hypersonic Ballistic Missile (Source: Atlantic Council | Credit: Wikimedia Commons)
11-17: Missile Defense Agency’s Hypersonic Efforts in a Notional Scenario (Source: GAO-22-105075 from analysis of Missile Defense Agency Documentation)
11-18: Notional Depiction of Layered Homeland Defense (Source: GAO-22-105075 from Depiction of Missile Defense Agency Data)
11-19: Description of Missile Defense System (MDS) Programs (Source: GAO-22-105075 from Presentation of Missile Defense Agency Data)
11-20: The Nudol PL-19 Anti-Ballistic Missile Interceptor (Source: Arms Control Association | Credit: Russian Ministry of Defense)
11-21: China’s Ballistic & Cruise Missile Capabilities (Source: CSIS Missile Defense Project)
11-22: China’s Regional Missile Threats (Source: CSIS Missile Defense Project)
11-23: Russia’s Land-Based Missile Capabilities (Source: CSIS Missile Defense Project)
11-24: Unified Land Operations Example Deep-Close Security Operational Framework (Source: ADRP 3-0, 2012)
11-25: Domains and Dimensions of an Operational Environment (Source: FM 3-0, 2022)
11-26: The Multi-Domain Operations Framework (Source: TP 525-3-1)
11-27: The Operational Framework in the Context of the Strategic Framework (Source: FM 3-0)
11-28: Notional Corps Deep, Close, and Rear Areas with Contiguous Divisions (Source: FM 3-0, 2022)
11-29: Notional Roles and Responsibilities in Terms of Time, Space, and Purpose at Different Echelons (Source: FM 3-0, 2022)
11-30: Convergence in Multi-Domain Operations (Source: FM 3-0, 2022)
11-31: China and Russia in Competition and Armed Conflict Problems Superimposed on the MDO Framework (Source: TP 525-3-1)
11-32: Convergence Generating Cross-Domain Synergy and Layered Options (Source: TP 525-3-1)
11-33: MDO Solutions (Source: TP 525-3-1)
11-34: Notional Enemy Offensive Operation (Source: FM 3-0, 2022)
11-35: Notional Enemy Maneuver Defense (FM 3-0, 2022)
11-36: Examples of Modeling and Simulation Resolution Levels: (left) Military Simulations and (right) Physiological Models (Source: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Volume 26, Number 4 | Credit: James Coolahan)
11-37: A Potential Taxonomy for Models and Simulations Used at APL: Four Views and Sample Characteristics (Source: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Volume 26, Number 4 | Credit: James Coolahan)
11-38: Sample EOB Listing (Credit: Richard C. Ormesher)
11-39: ROUTE Coordinate System Showing Radar, Line of Sight, Aircraft, and Terrain Profile (Credit: Richard C. Ormesher)
11-40: Ground Distance and Azimuth Direction from Radar to Aircraft (Credit: Richard C. Ormesher)
11-41: Slant Range and Elevation Angle from Radar to Aircraft (Credit: Richard C. Ormesher)
11-42: Diagram Showing Radar Beam Look Angle (in Elevation) (Credit: Richard C. Ormesher)
11-43: Simple Radar Range Calculation (Credit: Richard C. Ormesher)
11-44: Slant Distance from Radar to Aircraft Calculation (Credit: Richard C. Ormesher)
11-45: Geometry of Radar, Penetrating Aircraft, and Stand-Off Jammer (Credit: Richard C. Ormesher)
11-46: Definition of RCS (Source: MIT Lincoln Laboratory)
11-47: Factors Determining RCS (Source: MIT Lincoln Laboratory)
11-48: Components of Target RCS (Source: MIT Lincoln Laboratory)
11-49: RCS Example (Source: MIT Lincoln Laboratory)
11-50: Threat’s View of the Radar Range Equation (Source: MIT Lincoln Laboratory)
11-51: Measured and Calculated RCS of Johnson Generic Aircraft Model (Source: MIT Lincoln Laboratory)
11-52: ROUTE Algorithm for Calculating the Radar-Range Equation (Credit: Richard C. Ormesher)
11-53: Radar Parameters Used in Radar-Range Equation (Credit: Richard C. Ormesher)
11-54: IMOM ROUTE Algorithm Description (Credit: Richard C. Ormesher)
11-55: Color Code for Radar Detection (Credit: Richard C. Ormesher)
11-56: AFSIM Application Screenshot (Source: CSIAC | Credit: Col Timothy West and Brian Birkmire)
11-57: AFSIM Levels of Wargaming Simulations (Source: CSIAC | Credit: Col Timothy West and Brian Birkmire)
11-58: AFSIM Architectural Elements (Source: CSIAC | Credit: Col Timothy West and Brian Birkmire)
11-59: EADSIM Application Screenshots (Source: USASMDC EADSIM Fact Sheet)
11-60: GMAT Project Sample Screenshot (Source: SOURCEFORGE)
11-61: Sample GMAT Illustration Using a Low Thrust Propulsion System and Cube-Sat for a Lunar Mission (Source: GMAT Wiki)
11-62: Sample STK Screenshot Demonstrating Advanced Modeling of Space-Based Platforms and Payloads (Source: Ansys STK Premium Space Brochure)
11-63: Sample STK Screenshot Demonstrating the Space Environment Effects Tool (Source: Ansys STK Premium Space Brochure)
11-64: FreeFlyer Used in the ISS NASA Mission Control Center at Houston, TX (Source: a.i. solutions FreeFlyer Capabilities Brochure)
11-65: Sample FreeFlyer Screenshot Demonstrating Analysis of Constellations (Source: a.i. solutions FreeFlyer Capabilities Brochure)
12. Deep Space Warfare and Space Dominance (Nichols) √
12-1 Life Expectancy Following Cold Water Immersion
12-2 Life Expectancy Following Cold-Water Immersion (Exposure Suit)
12-3 Hypernova
12-4 A Simulated Drawing Of A Large Black Hole Emitting High-Energy Atomic Jets.
SECTION 3: SPACE WARFARE, HYPERSONICS, & MATERIALS
13. Progress in Hypersonic Missiles and Space Defense (Slofer) √
13-1 Hypersonic Weapons, An Enviable Asset Or Formable Foe
13-2 The Observe. Orient. Decide. Act-Loop
13-3 Scientific Challenges Associated With Hypersonic Flight
13-4 Shock And Compression Waves
13-5 Shock And Compression Waves
13-6 Improvements In The Use Of Various Materials For Heat Dissipation
13-7 Comparative Speeds and Temperatures
13-8 Examples Of Various Cooling Techniques
13-9 Morphing Wings And Airframes
13-10 Sample Of High-Level Architecture For U Coupling With A Refueling Drogue Coupling
13-11 Cutaway Diagram of the X-51A HCM with Subsystems
13-12 Detection avoidance
13-13 Categories of Hypersonic Missiles
13-14 Sample Ballistic Missile Trajectories
13-15 Points Of Terrestrial Detection of HCM, HGV, and Ballistic Missiles
13-16 Possible Alternate Target Options of an HCM or HGV
13-17 Project Thor
13-18 Chinese Reported Test Drop of KE HGV
13-19 Plans For A U.S. Military Mega-Constellation
13-20 Mesh Network Of Satellites in a Constellation
13-21 Layered Detection, Tracking, And Intercept
13-22 Layered Detection And Defense
13-23 Hypersonic Surface-To-Air Inceptor Missile
13-24 Stated ODIN System aboard USS Stockdale
13-25 THOR Microwave DEW system
14. The Rise of Cyber Threats in Space – Future of Cyberwar (Farcot) √
14-1: NASA’s budget since 1960
14-2: Satellite Capabilities By Country – 1966 To 2020
14-3: Satellite Capabilities By Country – 1966 To 2020
14-4: Satellite Orbital Types
14-5: Chinese Ground Stations
14-6: Chinese Ground Stations
14-7: SpaceX Starlink Satellite Deployment
14-8: Current And Future Projection Of Active Satellites In Orbit
14-9: Current And Future Projection Of Active Satellites In Orbit
14-10: Current And Future Projection Of Active Satellites In Orbit
14-11: Legacy GPS Jammer
14-12: ASAT Testing Timeline
14-13: Man-Made Space Objects
14-14: GPS Satellite Fleet
14-15: GPS Ground Control Stations
14-16: Space Object Accumulation
14-17: Man-Made Threats Overview
15. Strategy and Economics of Space Missions (Jackson & Joseph) √
15-1: NASA’s In-Space Manufacturing Roadmap
15-2: Microgravity Environments Reduces Thermal and Solute Convection Flows
15-3: Microgravity Environments Minimizes Sedimentation and Buoyancy of Phases
15-4: ISS Materials Science Facilities: Materials Science Glovebox (MSG) Facilities
15-5: International Space Station’s FDM Printer
15-6: ISS Materials Science Facilities: Low Gradient Furnace (LGF) & Solidification Quench Furnace (SQF)
15-7: Microgravity Allows Processing without Containment to Manufacture Items on the ISS
15-8: Photo-Polymer Reaction Sequence
15-9: Sequential formation of solids through UV laser curing
15-10: Layer-to-layer Bonding and a Scanning Electron Micrograph Showing the Cross Section of a Cured Line
15-11: Schematic of the Stereolithography Process
15-12: Factors Affecting the Sweeping Process
15-13: The Zephyr Re-coating System
15-14: Level Determination on the Resin Surface
15-15: Using a Flat-field Lens to Correct for Focal Displacement
15-16: Stair-stepping phenomenon
15-17: NASA’s Earth Science Satellite Fleet
15-18: Kennedy Space Center’s Vehicle Assembly Building on April 29, 2021
15-19: The International Space Station
16. Quantum Technologies And Their Applicability To Space Operations (Drew) √
16-1: Definitions of Superposition, Entanglement, and Observation
16-2: Because qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, they can perform multiple operations simultaneously
16-3: NASA’s PEACOQ Detector
16-4: Goddard Space Flight Center and AOSense, Inc. control atoms to spell “NASA.”
17. Wireless Power for Space Applications (Khan) √
17-T-1 Comparison Magnetic Resonance And SCMR Systems
17-1 4-Tier WPT System Where The Chirality Of Helices And Parasitic Elements Are
17-T-2 Electric And Magnetic Field Patterns
17-2 H-Field And E-Field Near-Field Studies
17-3 Transfer Efficiencies In % For Different 4-Tier Arrangements. Best Results Are Indicated For RRRR And RLLR Arrangements
17-4 Resonances For Different Chiral Orders
17-T-3 Summary Of Preliminary Work
17-5 Proposed Measurement Setup For Measuring WPT Efficiency And Lateral Emissions
17-6 Previously Used Instrumentation For Efficiency Measurement. Clockwise From Left, Adjustable Stand, Transmitter Cart, Receiving Antenna. An Adjustable Height Test Stand Supports A Breadboarded Power Management Circuit And A Receiving Antenna, Suspending It Above A Transmitter Cart/Antenna At Set Distances
17-7 Relationship Between Self-Impedance, Mutual Impedances, Load Impedance, Currents, And Applied Voltage
17-8 Equations For Finding Coupling Using Simulated Or Measured Results
17-9 Mutual Inductance Calculated With Semi-Analytical Approach
17-10 From A Single WPT Receiver Nec4 Simulation Shows System (A) And (B) Are Operating At Almost 100% Efficiency. All Receivers Are Within The Same Near-Field Zone Of The Source
17-11 Magnetic Field Containment Within Connecting Wire
APPENDIX A dB MATH AND PLANE / SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY PRIMER
A-1 Right Triangle
A-2 Triangle on a Sphere
A-3 Napier’s Rules for Right Spherical Triangles
