Abbreviations and Acronyms
ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS [1] [2]
The following terms are common to the UAS / CUAS /UUV /SPACE industries, general literature, or conferences on UAS/UAV/Drone/UUV/ SPACE systems. A majority of the technical abbreviations come from DRONE DELIVERY OF CBNRECy – DEW WEAPONS Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption (WMDD); (Nichols & Sincavage, 2022) (Nichols R. K. et al., Unmanned Aircraft Systems in the Cyber Domain, 2019) and (Nichols R. al., Counter Unmanned Aircraft Systems Technologies, and Operations, 2020) (Nichols & et al., 2020) (Nichols R.et al., Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in Cyber Domain: Protecting USA’s Advanced Air Assets, 2nd Edition, 2019) (Nichols R. K., Chapter 14: Maritime Cybersecurity, 2021) (Nichols & Sincavage, Disruptive Technologies with Applications in Airline, Marine, and Defense Industries, 2021) (Nichols & Ryan, Unmanned Vehicle Systems & Operations on Air, Sea & Land, 2020) (Adamy D. L., Space Electronic Warfare, 2021) (Nichols & Sincavage, 2022)
ABM Anti-ballistic missile
ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (material
A/C Aircraft (Piloted or unmanned) also A/C
ACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System
A/CFD Aircraft Flood Denial jamming
ACOUSTIC Detects drones by recognizing unique sounds produced by their motors.
A/D Attack / Defense Scenario Analysis
ADS Air Defense System (USA) / Area Denial System
A/C FD Aircraft flood denial
ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast systems
AFRL Air Force Research Lab
A-GPS Assisted GPS
Ag Agriculture sector
AGL Above ground level
AHI Anomalous Health Incidents
AI Artificial intelligence: “1. a branch of computer science dealing with the
simulation of intelligent behavior in computers, and 2: the capability of a machine
to imitate intelligent human behavior.” (Merriam-Webster, 2020)
AI The ability of machines and technological devices, programs, and creations to sense, process, learn, and adapt to information from their surroundings. (Wright, 2020)
AIS Automated Identification System for Collision Avoidance
A/J Anti-jam
ALBM Ballistic missile launched from a B-47
AMI Agonist-antagonist Myo-neural Interface
AMAZE EU’s Additive Manufacturing Aiming Towards Zero Waste and Efficient Production of High-Tech Metal Products project
AMS Autonomous Mobile Sword (SCREAMER) uses sound to disrupt the brain before cutting the enemy to pieces.
AO Area of Operations
AOA Angle of Arrival of signals to GPS receivers / Angle of Attack
AOCS Cooperative Attitude and Orbit Control System takeover
APAC Asian Pacific Region
APC Armored personnel carrier
APDS Armor-piercing discarding sabot projectile
APFSDS Armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot projectile
APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
AR Augmented reality
ARC Adaptive robot chassis
ARW Anti-radiation weapons
ASAT Anti-satellite weapons / Anti-satellite missile system
ASM Attack surface management
ASREN Association of Geospatial Industries, the Arab States Research and Education
Network
ASG Autonomous Systems Group
ASW Anti-Satellite Weapons
ATC Air Traffic Control / Air traffic Control Signals
ATCC Air Traffic Control Center
ATHENA Advanced test high energy asset
ATM Air Traffic Management
ATS Air Traffic Services
ATSAW Air Traffic Situational Awareness
AUV Autonomous underwater vehicle
Azimuth The angle between true North and the treat location, in a plane at the satellite perpendicular to the vector from the SVP [Sub-vehicle Point]
Bandwidth is Defined as the Range within a band of wavelengths, frequencies, or energy.
Think of it as a range of radio frequencies occupied by a modulated carrier wave, assigned to a service over which a device can operate. Bandwidth is also a capacity for data transfer of electrical communications systems.
BASE Bimodal artificial sensory neuron
B&B Branch & bound
B.C. Before Christ
BC Ballistic Coefficient
BCI Brain Control Interface
BEAR Battlefield Extraction-Assist Robot
BEST Biomolecule Extraction and Sequencing Technology
Black Swan Black Swan Event- A black swan is an unpredictable event beyond what is.
Normally expected of a situation and has potentially severe consequences. Black
swan events are characterized by their extreme rarity, severe impact, and the
widespread insistence they were obvious in hindsight.
(Black Swan Definition, 2020)
BLOS Beyond line-of-sight
BMI Brain Machine Interface
BPAUV Battlespace Preparation Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
BrO Bromine oxide
BSL-4 Biosafety Level #
BTWC Biological & Toxin Weapons Convention
BVLOS Beyond Visual Line-of-Sight operations
BVR Beyond visual range
BW Biological weapons
BYOD Bring your device
C/No Carrier to Noise ratio
c Speed of light ~ (3 x 108 m/s) [186,000 miles per sec] in vacuum named after Celeritas, the Latin word for speed or velocity.
C CLAW Combat Laser assault weapon
cs speed of sound (344 m/s) in air
C2 / C2W Command and control / Command and Control Warfare
C3 Command, control, communications
C3I Command, control, communications, and Intelligence
C4 Command, control, communications, and computers
C4I Command, control, communications and computers, intelligence
C4ISR Command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance & reconnaissance
C4ISTAR Command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, target
acquisition and reconnaissance
C5I Command, control, communications, computers, Collaboration & Intelligence
CA Collision Avoidance / Clear Acquisition (GPS) / Cyber Assault (aka CyA)
C/A GPS Satellite Course Acquisition unique code
CAA Control Acquisition cyber attack
CAGR Compound annual growth rate
CAI Counter AI
CAMS Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service
CAS Close Air Support / Common situational awareness
CBRN Chemical, Biological, Radiation & Nuclear critical infrastructure facilities
CBRNE Chemical, Biological, Radiation, Nuclear & Explosives attacks critical infrastructure facilities or assets
CBRNECy Chemical, Biological, Radiation, Nuclear, Explosives & Cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure facilities or assets
CBW Chemical, Biological Weapons
CCC Circular Cross-Correlation in classical GPS receivers
CC&D Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception
CCTV Closed Circuit Television
CD Collective detection maximum likelihood localization approach (Eichelberger, Robust Global Localization using GPS and Aircraft Signals, 2019)
CD Charge diameters
Cd Drag coefficient
CDC Center for Disease Control
CDMA Code division multiple access protocol
CD Collective detection maximum likelihood localization approach (Eichelberger, 2019)
CE Circular economy
CEA Cyber-electromagnetic activities
CEP Circular error probable
CETC Chinese Electronics Technology Group Corporation
CEW Cyber electronic warfare / Communications electronic warfare
CGA Coast Guard Administration – Singapore
CFSPH Center for Food Security and Public Health (CFSPH)
CHAMP Counter-Electronics High Power Microwave Advanced Missile Project
CHATGPT AIs referred to as GPTs (Generative Pre-Trained Transformer)
CHS Cyber-Human Systems
CIA Confidentiality, Integrity & Availability ( standard INFOSEC paradigm)
CI / CyI Critical Infrastructure / Cyber Infiltration
CIA Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability / Central Intelligence Agency
CIRCIA Cyber Incident Reporting for Critical Infrastructure Act
CIS Critical Infrastructure Sector
CISA Critical Infrastructure Security Agency
CIWS Close-in weapon system
CJNG Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación
CM / CyM Countermeasure / Cyber Manipulation
CMADS China’s Microwave Active Denial System
C/NA Communication / Navigation Aid
CNA Computer network attack
CND Computer network deception
CNE Computer network exploitation
CNO Computer network operations
CNS Central nervous system
CNSA China National Space Administration
CO-ASAT Co-orbital (Co-ASAT) missile system
COMINT Communications intelligence
COMJAM Communications Jamming
COMINT Communications Intelligence
COMSEC Communications Security / Cryptographic Security
CONOP(S) Concepts of Operations
CONUS Continental United States
CONV Convergent Technology Dynamics
CONV-CBRN Convergent Technology Dynamics – Chemical, Biological, Radiation & Nuclear
COP Common operating picture
COSPAR The Committee on Space Research
COTS Commercial off-the-shelf / Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS)
CM Apollo Command Modules
CNPC Control and non-payload links
CPB Charged particle beam
CPS Cyber-physical systems
CR Conflict Resolution / Close range / Cyber Raid (aka CyR)
CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
CSI Crime scene investigation
CSIS Center for strategic and International Studies
CSLM Quench furnace for studying coarsening in metals
CT Counterterrorism / Counter-Terrorism Mission
CTI Computerized Tomography Image (scan)
CTN Course -Time Navigation , A-GPS technique which drops the requirement to decode the HOW timestamps from the GPS signals. CTN also refers to a snapshot receiver localization technique measuring sub-millisecond satellite ranges from correlation peaks, like classical GPS receivers.
C-UAS Counter Unmanned Aircraft Systems (defenses/countermeasures)
CUAV Counter Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle (defenses/countermeasures)
CUES Code for unplanned encounters at sea
CW / CyW Cyber Warfare
CWC Chemical Weapons Convention
CWMD Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Community
CYBER WEAPON Malicious Software and IT systems that, through ICTS networks,
manipulate, deny, disrupt, degrade, or destroy targeted information systems or
networks. It may be deployed via computer, communications, networks, rogue
access points, USBs, acoustically, electronically, and airborne/underwater
unmanned systems & SWARMS. Alternatively, cyber weapons:
- A campaign that may combine multiple malicious programs for espionage, data theft, or sabotage.
- A stealth capability that enables undetected operation within the targeted system over an extended time.
- An attacker with apparent intimate knowledge of details for the workings of the targeted system.
- A special type of computer code to bypass protective cybersecurity technology.
CYBORG CYBernetic ORGanism coined by Manfred Clynes (1960) – the increase in human capability through mechanical or electrical means resulting in improved biological, biomechanical or neurological human abilities (Clynes & & Kilne, 1960)
DA-ASAT Direct Accent or Hit-to-Kill (DA-ASAT) missile system
Danger Close
Definition www.benning.army.mil/infantry/magazine/issues/2013/May-June/Myer.html Nov 14, 2013 – 1) danger close is included in the “method-of-engagement” line of a call-for-fire request to indicate that friendly forces are close to the target. … Danger close is a term that is exclusive from risk estimate distance (RED) although the RED for 0.1 percent PI is used to define danger close for aircraft delivery. Pi = Probability of incapacitation. 2) Definition of “danger close” (US DoD) In close air support, artillery, mortar, and naval gunfire support fires, it is the term included in the method of engagement segment of a call for fires which indicates that friendly forces are within close proximity of the target.
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DAWIA III Defense Acquisition University Certification Level III – Senior or Advanced
Dazzle Cause temporary blindness with Laser
DBC Digital to Biological Converter
DCPA Distance between vessels approaching CPA
D&D Denial & deception
DDD Dull, dangerous, and dirty
D/D/D Destruction, Disruption, Deception
DDOS Distributed Denial of Service cyber attack
DE Dark Energy /Directed energy
DEFCON Defense condition
DEW Directed energy weapons (also, DE) (Nichols & Sincavage, 2022)
DF Direction-finding
DFI Digital Forensic Investigation
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DLL Diode Laser Levelling System
DM Dark Matter
DNA A molecule inside cells that contains the genetic information responsible for the
development and function of an organism. DNA molecules allow this information
to be passed on from one generation to the next. (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
DOF Degrees of Freedom
DOS Denial of Service attack
DPRK Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
DS Deep Space
DTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency
DUST Dual-use Science & Technology threat
1090ES – 1090 Extended Squitter Data Link
EA Electronic Attack
Earth Trace The Earth Trace is the locus of latitude and longitude of the SVP as the satellite moves through its orbit
EARSC European Association of Remote Sensing Companies
EBO Effects-based operations
ECCM / EP Electronic counter-countermeasures / Electronic Protection
ECET Electronic and Computer Engineering Technology (ECET) program Kansas State
University Aerospace and Technology campus
ECD Dr. Manuel Eichelberger’s advanced implementation of CD to detect & mitigate
spoofing attacks on GPS or ADS-B signals (Eichelberger, 2019)
ECCO Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean
ECM Electronic countermeasures
ECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
ECS Environmental control systems
ECoG Electrocorticography
EEG Electroencephalograms
EHC Extra high voltage
EHS Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
EIV Electronic Vehicles
ELINT Electronic Intelligence
ELSA-D Twin small satellite launched in 2020 for End-of-Life-Servicing & Long-Term
orbital sustainability
EM Electromagnetic waves
EMC Electromagnetic compatibility
EMD Electromagnetic deception
EMF Electromagnetic field / Extremely low electromagnetic fields
EMI Electromagnetic interference
EMP Electromagnetic pulse – electromagnetic energy.
EMR Electromagnetic radiation
EMRG electromagnetic railguns
EMS Electromagnetic spectrum
EMSEC Emissions security
EN electronic nose
EO Electro-optical system
EOS Earth Observation Satellites
EPSRC European Physical Sciences Research Council
ESA European Space Agency
ESG Environmental, social, & corporate governance
ESOC European Space Operations Center located in Darmstadt, Germany
EW Electronic warfare[Legacy EW definitions: EW was classically divided into (Adamy D., EW 101 A First Course in Electronic Warfare, 2001):
- ESM – Electromagnetic Support Measures – the receiving part of EW.
- ECM – Electromagnetic Countermeasures – jamming, chaff, flares used to interfere with operations of radars, military communications, and heat-seeking weapons.
- ECCM -Electronic Counter-Counter Measures – measures are taken to design or operate radars or communications systems to counter the effects of ECM.[1]
Not included in the EW definitions were Anti-radiation Weapons (ARW) and Directed Energy Weapons (DEW).
USA and NATO have updated these categories:
- ES – Electronic warfare Support (old ESM) to monitor the R.F. environment.
- EA – Electronic Attack – the old ECM includes ASW and D.E. weapons; to deny, disrupt, deceive, exploit, and destroy adversary electronic systems.
- EP – Electronic Protection measures – (old ECCM) (Adamy D., EW 101 A First Course in Electronic Warfare, 2001) to guard friendly systems from hostile attacks.[2]
EW Electronic Warfare (EW) is the art and science of denying an enemy the benefits of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) while preserving them for friendly forces. (Wolff, 2022)ES is different from Signal Intelligence (SIGINT). SIGINT comprises Communications Intelligence (COMINT) and Electronic Intelligence (ELINT). All these fields involve the receiving of enemy transmissions. (Adamy D., EW 101 A First Course in Electronic Warfare, 2001)
ESA European Space Energy
ET Extraterrestrial
EUMETSAT European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
EXOMARS Joint mission between ESA & ROSCOSMOS to find signs of life on Mars
FAA Federal Aviation Agency
FC First Contact
FDM Fused Deposition Modeling technique
FES Functional Electrical Stimulation
FHSS frequency-hopping spread spectrum
FIRES definition (US DoD – JP 3-0) is the use of weapon systems to create a specific
lethal or nonlethal effect on a target
FPS Feet Per Second
FSS Frequency Selective Surfaces
FY-4 China (FY-4) Lightning Mapping Imager
G G is the gravitational constant, N x m2 / kg2 ; N= Newtons, G = 6.067 X 10-11
GAO Government Accountability Office
GCS Ground control station
GEE Google Earth Engine
GEO Group on Earth Observations
GIS Geographical information system
GLGP Gun-launched guided projectile
GLM Geostationary Lightning Mappers
GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System
GNC Guidance navigation control
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou & other
regional systems)
GNU GNU / Linux Operating system
GOES R-series Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES-16 and 17)
GPM Global precipitation measurement
GPR General Purpose Robots
GPS Global Positioning System (US) [3] (USGPO, 2021)
GPS Global Positioning System / Geo-Fencing
GPS/INS uses GPS satellite signals to correct or calibrate a solution from an inertial navigation system (INS). The method applies to any GNSS/INS system
GRU Russian military intelligence branch
GS Ground Station
gSSURGO Gridded Soil Survey Geographic Database
GSFD Ground station flood denial
GSM Global system for mobile communications
GTA Ground-to-Air Defense
Hard damage DEW complete vaporization of a target
HAPS High Altitude Platforms (generally for wireless communications enhancements)
HAPS UAVs UAVs dedicated to HAPS service (example to communicate via CNPC links)
HAZMAT Hazardous Materials (may refer to special personnel protective equipment)
HBTSS Hypersonic and ballistic tracking space sensor
HCM Hypersonic cruise missile
HDIAC Homeland Defense & Security Information Analysis Center
HGV Hypersonic glide vehicle
HEAT High-explosive anti-tank warhead
HEL High energy Laser
HELCAP High energy laser counter ASCM program
HELIOS High-energy laser with integrated optical dazzler and surveillance
HPM High powered microwave
HMS Heat management system
HOW Hand-over-word satellite data timestamp defined in (IS-GPS-200G, 2013)
HTV Hypersonic test vehicle
HUMINT Human Intelligence
HVM Hostile vehicle mitigation
HVP High velocity projectile
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IC Intelligence community ~ 17 different agencies
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICBM Intercontinental ballistic missile
ICS Internet Connection Sharing / Industrial control systems
ICT Information & Communications Technology
ICTS Information & Communications Technology Services
ID Information Dominance / Inspection and Identification /Identification
IDEX International Defense Exhibition and Conference
IDS Intrusion detection system
IED Improvised Explosive Device
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IFF Identify Friend or Foe
IIIM International, Impartial, and Independent Mechanism
IMU Inertial Measurement Unit
IND Improvised nuclear device
INFOSEC Information security
INS Inertial navigation system
INSA Intelligence and National Security Alliance
INFOSEC Information Security
IO /I.O. Information Operations
IoT Internet of things
IIoT Industrial Internet of things
IP Internet protocol
IPM Integrated Pest management
IR Infrared
IS Information security / Islamic State
ISO International Organization Standardization
ISM In-space manufacturing
ISS International Space Station
ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS)
ISR Intelligence, Reconnaissance and Surveillance UAS Platform
ISTAR Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance
IT Information Technology
IT/OT Information Technology/ Operational Technology
ITE Installation, Training, Expense
ITP In trail procedure
IW Information Warfare
JIM Joint Investigative Mechanism
JPL NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
JSR Jamming-to-signal ratio
KE Kinetic energy
KEW Kinetic energy weapon
K’IHAP Short Shout in Tae Kwon Do
KKW Kinetic Kill Weapon/Warhead
LASER “A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term “laser” originated as an acronym for “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.” A laser differs from other light sources in that it emits light coherently, spatially, and temporally. Spatial coherence allows a laser to be focused on a tight spot, enabling laser cutting and lithography applications laser cutting and lithography. Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances (collimation), enabling applications such as laser pointers. Lasers can also have high temporal coherence, which allows them to emit light with a very narrow spectrum, i.e., they can emit a single color of light. Temporal coherence can produce pulses of light as short as a femtosecond. Used: for military and law enforcement devices for marking targets and measuring range and speed.” (Wiki-L, 2018)
LaWS Laser weapon system
LCRD Laser Communications Relay Demonstration
LED Light emitting diodes
LENS Laser-engineered net shaping
LDEF Long Duration Exposure Facility
LGF Low Gradient Furnace
LH Left hand
LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging – a RS method using light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges
LOS Line-of-sight / Loss of Signal / Loss of Separation
LLCD Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration
LLTR Low-level transit route
LM or L.M. Loitering munitions
LMM Lightweight Multi-role Missiles
LNT Lethal non-trackable debris
LPI Low Probability of Intercept
LPD Low Probability of detection
LRAD Long Range Acoustic Device / Long-Range Area Denial [4]
LRL Lunar Receiving Laboratory
LSP Launch Service Providers
LuGRE NASA Lunar GNSS Receiver Experiment
LWSI Livestock weather safety index
M&S Modeling and simulation technologies
Mach 1 Speed of sound, 761.2 mph
MAD Mutually assured destruction
M-ATV Mine-resistant ambush-protected vehicle
MAME Medium altitude medium endurance
MASER Microwave Amplification Stimulated Emission of Radiation
MASINT Measurement Intelligence
MAST Micro Autonomous Systems & Technology
MDR Motion detection and recognition
MEA Micro electrode array
MEDUSA (Mob Excess Deterrent Using Silent Audio)
MEMS Micro-electro-mechanical systems
MeRT Magnetic Resonance Therapy
MIM Man-in-middle attack
MIRV Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles
ML Machine learning
MLAT Multilateration System
MMEVR Multi-Mission Extra Vehicular Robot
MMOD Micrometeoroids and orbital debris
MND Ministry of National Defense
MO-1 Microbial Observatory-1
MOA Minute of angle in degrees
MOB Man overboard*
MOPP Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) Gear
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRVs Multiple Re-entry Vehicles
mTBI mild Traumatic Brain Injury
MRG Europe – Meteosat Third Generation Lightning Imager
MSFC NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
MSL MARS Science Laboratory
MSRA Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MT-1 Microbial Tracking-1
MTI Moving target indicator
MUM-T Manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T)
NAS National Academy Of Sciences
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NASA National Aeronautical and Space Administration
NCSS National Cooperative Soil Survey
NDM Navigation data modification spoofing attack
NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
NEB New Economic Block soldier
NERC North American Electric Reliability Corporation
NEUROSTRIKE Series of cognitive impairment events caused by Cyber, Cognitive, Nanotech,
Electronic Gateways, Metaverse and CHATGPT
NGB National Guard Board
NGS NGS = Next generation sequencing – replaces DNA approach in the food security region.
NGO Nongovernmental organization
NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
NIEHS National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
NIR Near Infrared
NKW non-kinetic warfare
NLP Natural language processing
NMA Navigation Message Authentication
NMHA Normal Mode Helical Antenna
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
NOAA National Oceanic & Atmospheric Agency
NPK amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) in soil
NSA National Security Agency
NV Neurological vulnerability
OCONUS Outside Continental United States
OCSD Optical Communications and Sensor Demonstration
ODNI Office of Deputy National Intelligence
OLI Operational Land Imager
OMAR On-Orbit Manufacture, Assembly and Recycling
OMI Ozone Monitoring Instrument
OODA Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act decision loops
OPALS Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science
OPCW Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
OPIR Overhead persistent Infrared satellites
OPSEC Operational Security
OSINT Open-source intelligence (also OSI)
OSMA NASA’s Office of Safety and Mission Assurance
OST Outer Space Treaty of 1967
OTH Over-the-horizon
PDA Personal digital assistant
PEACOQ Performance-Enhanced Array for Counting Optical Quanta
PFMI Pore formation and mobility investigation furnace / low-temperature furnace for solidification and remelting of transparent materials
PETMAN Humanoid robot developed for US Army -Protection Ensemble Test Mannequin
Phigital Digital and human characteristics & patterns overlap
PII Private identifying information and credentials
PLA Peoples Liberation Army (Chinese)
PLAN Peoples Liberation Army & Navy (Chinese)
PMU Phasor Measurement Unit
PNS Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
PNT Positioning, navigation, and timing systems
POV Point of view
PPE Personal protective equipment
PRAM Photovoltaic Radio-frequency Antenna Module technology
PRN Pseudo-Random Noise
PSA Protective security advisors
PSR Primary Surveillance Radar
PSYOPS Psychological warfare operations
QKD Quantum Key Distribution
Quantum Supremacy The point at which quantum computing power outpaces traditional computing power
QUBIT A basic unit of quantum information. A two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system
RAI Responsible Artificial Intelligence
RC Radio communications signals
RCS Radar cross-section
RDD Radiological dispersion device
RF Radio Frequency
RF-EMF Radiofrequency – Electromagnetic field
RFID Radio-frequency identification (tags)
RGB Red Green Blue color band
RH Right hand
RID Remote identification of ID
RIMPAC Rim of the Pacific
RKA Chinese Relativistic Klystron Amplifier
RLLR RLLR indicates only parasitic elements are left-handed
RN Ryan-Nichols Qualitative Risk Assessment
RNRA Ryan – Nichols Attack / Defense Scenario Risk Assessment for Cyber cases
ROA Remotely operated aircraft
ROC Republic of China
ROSCOSMOS Russian Federal Space Agency
ROV/ROUV Remote operating vehicle / Remotely operated underwater vehicle
RPA Remotely piloted aircraft
RPAS Remotely piloted system
RPO Rendezvous and Proximity Operations
RPV Remotely piloted vehicle
RRRR RRRR indicates for four-tier system components are all right-handed
RS Remote sensing
RSS Received signal strength / Remote Sensing & Surveillance
RTOS Real time operating system
RTU Remote terminal units
RV Re-entry vehicle
SA Situational Awareness
SAA Sense and Avoid
SAM Surface to Air missile
SAR Synthetic aperture radar
SAR Specific absorption rate – a measure of the rate of RF energy absorbed by the
body from the source measured
SATINT Satellite intelligence
SATCOM Satellite communications
SBIRs Space-based Infrared System
SBLM Submarine-launched ballistic missile
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems
SCMR Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonant System
SCRAM JET a ram jet in which combustion takes place in a stream of gas moving at supersonic speed
SCS Shipboard control system (or station) / Stereo Camera System / South China Seas
SCS Spinal cord stimulation
SD Space Dominance
SDA Space Domain Awareness / Pentagon Space Development Agency
SDR Software-defined radio
SEAQUE Space Entanglement And Annealing Quantum Experiment
SEAD Suppression of enemy defenses
SECDEF Secretary of Defense (USA)
SIC Successive Signal Interference Cancellation
SICKKIDS Hospital for Sick Children
SIGINT Signals Intelligence
Signature UAS detection by acoustic, optical, thermal, and radio /radar
SINGULARITY Merger of man and machine (Barfield, 2015)
SM Soil monitoring
SMAs Shape metal alloys
SMART Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
SML Space mobility and logistics area support
S/N S / N = is one pulse received signal to noise ratio, dB: Signal to Noise ratio at
HAPS receiver (also, SNR)
SO2 Sulfur dioxide
SOAD Space Operational Art and Design
Soft damage DEW disruption to a UAS computer
SOCID Self Optimizing Clean In Place
SOCOM U.S. Army Special Operations Command
SOLAS Safety of Life at Sea (International Maritime Convention) [safety conventions]
SQF Solidification Quench Furnace
Spoofing is A Cyber-weapon attack that generates false signals to replace valid ones. GPS Spoofing is an attack to provide false information to GPS receivers by broadcasting counterfeit signals similar to the original GPS signal or by recording the original GPS signal captured somewhere else at some other time and then retransmitting the signal. The Spoofing Attack causes GPS receivers to provide the wrong information about position
and time. (T.E. Humphrees, 2008) (Tippenhauer & et.al, 2011) (Eichelberger, Robust Global Localization using GPS and Aircraft Signals, 2019) (Nichols & Sincavage, 2022)
Spoofing Alt Def: A Cyber-weapon attack generates false signals to replace valid ones.
SS Space Shuttle
SSBN Strategic nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine
SSL Solid state laser
SSLT Seamless satellite-lock takeover spoofing attack
SSN US Space Surveillance Network
SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar
STEALTH to resist detection
STM Space traffic management
sUAS Small Unmanned Aircraft System
SUBSA Solidification using a Baffle in Sealed Ampoules/ SUBSA vertical gradient furnace (transparent growth zone)
SVP Sub-vehicle point – Point on earth’s surface right below the Satellite
SWARM High level, a dangerous collaboration of UAS, UUV, or unmanned boats
SWAT Space Warfare Analysis Tools; Special Weapons and Tactics
T & T Track and Traceability
T2AR T2 Augmented Reality project
Taiwan ROC Taiwan is officially the Republic of China
TALOS Tactical assault light operator suit
TCAS Traffic collision avoidance system
TDOA Time difference of arrival
TEAM (UAS) High-level, a dangerous collaboration of UAS, UUV, or unmanned boats; differs
from SWARM in that it has a UAS Team Leader (TL) where SWARM does not.
TL directs the UAS team and is the primary counter UAS target to disrupt.
TED Technology, Entertainment, Design “Talks”
THOR Tactical high-power operational responder
TIROS Television InfraRed Observational Satellite
TMS Transcranial magnetic stimulation
TNT Trinitrotoluene
TO Theater of Operations
TOA Time of arrival
ToF Time of flight
TPAI Third Party Created (invented)
TPS Thermal protective system
TRANSEC Transmission security
TTFF Time to first fix (latency)
TTPs Tactic, Technique, and Procedures
Tx Transmit signal
UA Unmanned Aircraft (non-cooperative and potential intruder)
UAM Urban Air Mobile (vehicle)
UAS-p UAS pilot
UAS Unmanned aircraft system (popularly but incorrectly referred to as drones)
UAT Universal access transceiver
UAV Unmanned aerial vehicle / Unmanned autonomous vehicle.
UAV-p UAV pilot
UCAR Unmanned combat armed rotorcraft
UCARS UAV common automated recovery system
UCWA / UA Unintentional cyber warfare attack
UGCS Unmanned Ground Control Station
UGS Unmanned ground-based station
UGT Unmanned ground transport
UGV Unmanned ground vehicle
UHF Ultra-high frequency
Un United Nations
UNOOSA The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
USDA US Department of Agriculture
USV Unmanned Surface Vessel
UUV Unmanned underwater vehicle
UWB Ultrawideband
VAR Visual-aural Range
VBN Visual-based navigation
VBN LiDAR Visual-based navigation: Light Detection and Ranging – a RS method using light
in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges
VDL VHF Data link
VI Vegetation Indices
VIEW Virtual Interface Environment Workstation
VIIRS Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite
VIS Visible
VPL Visual Programming Languages
VR Virtual reality
VRT Variable rate technology
VLOS visual line of sight
VTOL Vertical take-off and landing
VX Deadly nerve agent
WAM Wide area multilateration
WFOV Wide field of view
WFUL Wake Forrest University Laboratory
WHO World Health Organization
WLAN Wide Local area network
WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction
WMDD Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WPT Wireless Power Transfer
Xr Extended Reality
Special Definitions (Nichols & Carter, 2022) (Nichols R. K., 2020)
Asymmetric warfare can describe a conflict in which the resources of two belligerents differ in essence and, in the struggle, interact and attempt to exploit each other’s characteristic weaknesses. Such struggles often involve strategies and tactics of unconventional warfare, the weaker combatants attempting to use strategy to offset deficiencies in quantity or quality of their forces and equipment. (Thomas, 2010) Such strategies may not necessarily be militarized. (Steponova, 2016)
This contrasts with symmetric warfare, where two powers have comparable military power and resources and rely on similar tactics, differing only in details and execution. (Thomas, 2010)
Classification of Satellites
Satellites are classified in terms of their purpose and are classified as follows:
Astronomical satellites – observation of distant planets and galaxies.
Biosatellites – carry living organisms to aid scientific experiments.
Communication satellites – communications satellites use geosynchronous or Low Earth orbits to communicate with each other and other systems.
Earth observation satellites (EOS) are satellites intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, and producing maps.
Killer satellites are designed to destroy warheads, satellites, and space-based objects.
Navigational satellites use radio time signals transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location. The relatively clear line of sight between the satellites and receivers on the ground allows satellite navigation systems to measure location to accuracies on the order of a few meters in real-time.
Reconnaissance satellites are communications satellites deployed for military or intelligence applications.
Recovery satellites provide a recovery of reconnaissance, biological, space-production, and other payloads from orbit to Earth.
Space stations are orbital structures designed for human beings to live in space. A space station is distinguished from other crewed spacecraft by its lack of major propulsion or landing facilities. Space stations are designed for medium-term living in orbit.
Tether satellites are connected to another satellite by a thin cable called a tether; and
Weather satellites are used to monitor Earth’s weather and climate.
Drake Equation. An equation proposed by Cornell astronomer Frank Drake in 1961, what attempts to calculate the number of sentient species which could exist and are potential contacts during the life of our civilization.
Electronic Warfare (EW) is the art and science of denying an enemy the benefits of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) while preserving them for friendly forces. (Wolff, 2022)
Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) is the analysis and identifying intercepted transmissions, including frequency, bandwidth, modulation (“waveform”), and polarization. Four categories of SIGINT are: (Wolff, 2022)
- Electronic Intelligence (ELINT)
- Communications Intelligence (COMINT)
- Foreign instrument SIGINT (FISINT)
- Measurement intelligence (MASINT) Covered in Chapter 10 of DRONE DELIVERY OF CBNRECy – DEW WEAPONS Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption (WMDD) (Nichols & Sincavage, 2022)
EW Sub-Areas
Electronic Warfare Support (EWS/ES) measures detection, intercept, identification, location, and localizes sources of intended and unintended radiated electromagnetic (EM) energy. (Wolff, 2022)
Activities related to ES include:
- Electronic Reconnaissance: location, identification, and evaluation of foreign electromagnetic radiation
- Electronic intelligence: Technical and geolocation intelligence derived from foreign non-communications electromagnetic radiation emanating from sources other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources
- Electronics security: protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from the interception and study of non-communications electromagnetic radiation, e.g., radar. (Wolff, 2022)[3]
Electronic Attack (EA) activities – may be either offensive or defensive and include: (Wolff, 2022)
- Countermeasures: employment of devices and/or techniques that has as their objective the impairment of the operational effectiveness of enemy activity
- Electromagnetic deception: Covered in Chapter 7 of DRONE DELIVERY OF CBNRECy – DEW WEAPONS
- Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption (WMDD) (Nichols & Sincavage, 2022) Various EM deception techniques, such as a false target or duplicate target generation, confuse the enemy intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems (ISR). (Wolff, 2022)
- Electromagnetic intrusion: is the intentional insertion of EM energy (EME) into transmission paths in any manner to deceive operators or to cause confusion.
- Electromagnetic jamming is deliberate radiation, reradiation, or reflection of EME to prevent or reduce an enemy’s effective use of the EMS and with the intent of degrading or neutralizing the enemy’s combat capability.
- Electromagnetic pulse is EM radiation from a strong electronic pulse [Directed energy weapons (DEW)] that may couple with electrical or electrical systems to produce damaging current and voltages. (Wolff, 2022)Chapters 9-11 in DRONE DELIVERY OF CBNRECy – DEW WEAPONS Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption (WMDD) expertly cover the subject. (Nichols & Sincavage, 2022)
- Electronic probing is intentional radiation designed to be introduced into the devices and systems of potential enemies to learn the operational capabilities of the devices and systems.
- Cyber or electronic spoofing: – A Cyber-weapon attack that generates false signals to replace valid ones. GPS Spoofing is an attack to provide false information to GPS receivers by broadcasting counterfeit signals similar to the original GPS signal or by recording the original GPS signal captured somewhere else at some other time and then retransmitting the signal. The Spoofing attack causes GPS receivers to provide the wrong information about position and time. (T.E. Humphrees, 2008) (Tippenhauer & et.al, 2011) (Nichols & Sincavage, 2022)
Electronic protection measures (EP): EP measures fall into six categories: (Wolff, 2022)
EM hardening: actions are taken to protect personnel, facilities, and or equipment by blanking, filtering, attenuating, grounding, bonding, and shielding against undesirable effects of EME.
Electronic masking: controlled radiation of EME on friendly frequencies to protect the emissions of friendly communications and electronic systems against enemy EWS measures and SIGINT without significantly degrading the operation of friendly systems.
Emission control: sensitive and controlled use of EM, acoustic, or other emitters to optimize command and control (C2) capabilities while minimizing the following for operations security (OPSEC): 1) detection by enemy sensors; 2) mutual interference among friendly systems; 3) enemy interference with the ability to execute a military deception plan. (Wolff, 2022)
EMS management: planning, coordinating, and managing joint use of the EMS through operational, engineering, and administrative procedures.
Wartime reserve modes: characteristics and operating procedures for sensors, communications, navigation aids, threat recognition, weapons, and countermeasures systems that will contribute to military effectiveness if unknown to or misunderstood by opposing commanders before they are used but could be exploited or neutralized if known in advance. (Wolff, 2022)
EM compatibility: the ability of systems, equipment, and devices that use the EMS to operate in their intended environments without causing or suffering unacceptable or unintentional degradation because of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or response. (Wolff, 2022) This is an extremely important concept and is exploited by the use of UAS against USN assets in the South China Seas (SCS.) (Nichols & al., Unmanned Vehicle Systems and Operations on Air, Sea, and Land, 2020)
False Flag Operation – organized spreading of misinformation or disinformation.
Eichelberger Collective Detection (ECD) Definitions / Counter Spoofing Concepts
Acquisition – Acquisition is the process in a GPS receiver that finds the visible satellite signals and detects the delays of the PRN sequences and the Doppler shifts of the signals.
Circular Cross-Correlation (CCC) – In a GPS classical receiver, the circular cross-correlation is a similarity measure between two vectors of length N, circularly shifted by a given displacement d:
N-1
Cxcorr (a, b , d) = ∑ ai dot bI + d mod N Eq. 3-1
I=0
The two vectors are most similar at the displacement d, where the sum (CCC value) is maximum. The vector of CCC values with all N displacements can be efficiently computed by a fast Fourier transform (FFT) in Ớ ( N log N ) time. [4](Eichelberger, Robust Global Localization using GPS and Aircraft Signals, 2019)
Like classical GPS receivers, coarse-Time Navigation (CTN) is a snapshot receiver localization technique that measures sub-millisecond satellite ranges from correlation peaks. (IS-GPS-200G, 2013) [See also expanded definition above.]
Collective Detection (CD) is a maximum likelihood snapshot receiver localization method, which does not determine the arrival time for each satellite but combines all the available information and decides only at the end of the computation. This technique is critical to the (Eichelberger, Robust Global Localization using GPS and Aircraft Signals, 2019) invention to mitigate spoofing attacks on GPS or ADS-B.
Coordinate System – A coordinate system uses an ordered list of coordinates to uniquely describe the location of points in space. The meaning of the coordinates is defined concerning some anchor points. The point with all coordinates being zero is called the origin. [ Examples: terrestrial, Earth-centered, Earth-fixed, ellipsoid, equator, meridian longitude, latitude, geodetic latitude, geocentric latitude, and geoid. [5]
Localization – Process of determining an object’s place concerning some reference, usually coordinate systems. [aka Positioning or Position Fix]
Navigation Data is the data transmitted from satellites, which includes orbit parameters to determine the satellite locations, timestamps of signal transmission, atmospheric delay estimations, and status information of the satellites and GPS as a whole, such as the accuracy and validity of the data. (IS-GPS-200G, 2013) [6]
Pseudo-Random Noise (PRN) sequences are pseudo-random bit strings. Each GPS satellite uses a unique PRN sequence with a length of 1023 bits for its signal transmissions. aka as Gold codes, they have a low cross-correlation with each other. (IS-GPS-200G, 2013)
Snapshot GPS Receiver– A snapshot receiver is a global positioning satellite (GPS) receiver that captures one or a few milliseconds of raw GPS signal for a location fix. (Diggelen, 2009)
GO VS. CHESS – Space Dominance should be thought of as a game of GO,[7] NOT chess. In the former, the opponent aims to encircle (strangle) the opponent and deny him his strategic maneuver capability; in the latter, the opponent aims to completely deprive him of individual pieces (assets) or prevent defensive movement so that he can slaughter his ruler (king). (Wright, 2020)
ISR – Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance [8]
Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operations (ISR) are used to collect information about the enemy, terrain, weather, and other aspects of the Area of Operation (AO) that will affect friendly combat operations. (Global Security.Org, 2022)
The Army has conducted reconnaissance and surveillance tasks since its inception. The production of intelligence (the product resulting from the collection, processing, integration, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of available information concerning an enemy force or area of operation) has always been critical to successfully accomplishing the mission. ISR is the term currently applied to combined arms enabling operation that combines previously described as reconnaissance and surveillance (a maneuver or collection task) with the production and dissemination of intelligence (a staff task). ISR is a constant, continuous, and optimized operation that focuses on the collection of relevant information that is analyzed to create intelligence to support the commander’s and or leader’s situational understanding and the operational cycle. (Global Security.Org, 2022)
ISR SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY FROM SPACE
MIT gives an interesting purview of their mission for ISR from space. They see it as “Creating Technology To Provide Vital Tactical Information.” They conduct “R&D in advanced sensing, signal and image processing, decision support technology, and high-performance embedded computing to provide systems capable of gathering reliable intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance information.” (MIT R&D, 2022) It is this purview that the authors see from the user POV to develop “earth traces” from space capable of yielding unique information on non-military technologies such as agriculture management, crop rotation, global food supply, tree and fire zone management, and cattle management.
Satellite Orbits
The most common type of orbit is a geocentric orbit, with over 3,000 active artificial satellites orbiting the Earth. Geocentric orbits may be further classified by their altitude, inclination, and eccentricity.
The commonly used altitude classifications of the geocentric orbit are Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO), and High Earth Orbit (HEO). Low Earth Orbit is any orbit below 2,000 km, Medium Earth Orbit is any orbit between 2,000 and 36,000 km, and High Earth Orbit is greater than 36,000 km. LLO: low lunar orbit is approximately 100 km above the lunar surface. L1 and L2: “Lagrange points are caused by the balance between the gravitational fields of two large bodies; equilibria between two pulling forces.
Centric classifications
A galactocentric orbit is an orbit around the center of a galaxy.
A heliocentric orbit is an orbit around the Sun. In our Solar System, all planets, comets, and asteroids are in such orbits, as are many artificial satellites and pieces of space debris.
Geocentric orbit is an orbit around Earth, such as the Moon or artificial satellites. Currently, there are over 2,500 active artificial satellites orbiting the Earth.
Altitude classifications
Low Earth Orbit (LEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 180 km – to 2,000 km.
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 2,000 km – to 20,000 km.
Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO): Geocentric circular orbit with an altitude of 36,000 km. The orbit period equals one sidereal day, which coincides with the Earth’s rotation period. The speed is 3,075 m/s (10,090 ft/s).
High Earth orbit (HEO): Geocentric orbits above the altitude of a geosynchronous orbit (GEO) > 36,000 km (~ 40,000 km).
Light-year – 5.879 x 1012 miles
Agroterrorism / Bioterrorism Definitions
Agroterrorism is a subset of bioterrorism and is defined as the deliberate introduction of an animal or plant disease to generate fear, causing economic losses and/or undermining stability. (O.S. Cupp, 2004)
Bioterrorism is the threat or use of biological agents by individuals or groups motivated by political, religious, ecological, or other ideological objectives.
Earth Observation Epidemiology or tele-epidemiology is defined as ‘using space technology with remote sensing in epidemiology. (Wiki, 2022)
MASINT – Measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) is a technical branch of intelligence gathering that detect, track, identify or describe the distinctive characteristics (signatures) of fixed or dynamic target sources. This often includes radar, acoustic, nuclear, chemical, and biological intelligence. MASINT is scientific and technical intelligence derived from the analysis of data obtained from sensing instruments to identify any distinctive features associated with the source, emitter, or sender, to facilitate the latter’s measurement and identification. (Wiki, 2022)
OSI, short for OPEN-SOURCE Intelligence (also known as OSINT), is defined as any intelligence produced from publicly available information that is collected, exploited, and disseminated in a timely manner to an appropriate audience to address a specific intelligence requirement. (Bazzell, 2021)
Remote Sensing (RS) uses non-ground-based imaging systems to obtain information about processes and events on Earth. It is unique among the detection and diagnostic methods discussed herein in its ability to offer passive monitoring for the disease at scale rather than active sampling. (Silva & et.al, 2021)
Sentient – The ability of an organism to perceive and feel things. This definition implies that said organism is capable of rational thought and decision-making.
State – A state can mean a country, a government, or political authority. It means absolute control over a fixed territory on Earth.
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ENDNOTES
[1] All Acronyms taken from (Nichols R. K., 2020) and (Nichols & Sincavage, 2022) and the Wildcat UAS/CUAS/UUV/Space textbook series 2017-2023 unless otherwise noted.
[2] EM definitions from (Wolff, 2022)
[3] Since 1998, Christian Wolff has maintained the educational website www.radartutorial.eu
[4] Ớ = Order of magnitude; dot = dot product for vectors
[5] All these systems are discussed in Chapter 2 of (Eichelberger, Robust Global Localization using GPS and Aircraft Signals, 2019)
[6] Each satellite has a unique 1023-bit PRN sequence, plus some current navigation data, D. Each bit is repeated 20 times for better robustness. Navigation data rate is limited to 50 bit / s. This also limits sending timestamps every 6 seconds, satellite orbit parameters (function of the satellite location over time) only every 30 seconds. As a result, the latency of the first location estimates after turning on a classic receiver, called the time to first fix (TTFF), can be high.
[7] AKA wei qi or baduk in Chinese and Korean, respectively.
[8] ISR defined from the USA Army POV only.
