Table of Figures
TABLE OF FIGURES
SECTION 1: C4ISR AND EMERGING SPACE TECHNOLOGIES
1. Current State of Space Operations (Pritchard)
Figure 1-1 Domains, Operations, and Technologies
Figure 1-2 Aurignacian Lunar Calendar
Figure 1-3 Nebra Sky Disc
Figure 1-4 Recovered Antikythera Mechanism
Figure 1-5 Reconstructed Antikythera Mechanism
Figure 1-6 V-2 Cutaway Diagram
Figure 1-7 First Photo of Earth
Figure 1-8 Far Side of the Moon
Figure 1-9 Gemini Capsule Cutaway
Figure 1-10 SpaceX Falcon Rocket Program
Figure 1-11 Future Growth of the Space Economy
Figure 1-12 Space, From Ideation to Operation
Figure 1-13 Layered Learning Automata Stack
Figure 1-14 Autonomous System Stack
Figure 1-15 Automation versus Autonomy
Figure 1-16 Automation versus Autonomy
Figure 1-17 Cyber Human Systems
Figure 1-18 Ceres, Dwarf Planet in the Asteroid Belt
Figure 1-19 Pulsar-based Navigation
- Satellite Killers and Hypersonic Drones (Slofer)
Figure 2-1Common layers of the Earth’s atmosphere
Figure 2-2 Inclination
Figure 2-3 Shape
Figure 2-4 Molniya orbit
Figure 2-5 Altitude
Figure 2-6 Orbit Zone
Figure 2-7 Satellites by Country , purpose, and Orbit
Figure 2-8 Partial view of satellites and space debris in orbit from a global and continental view perspective
Figure 2-9 Hits on Satellites (Left)
Figure 2-10 Hits on Satellites (Right)
Figure 2-11 Various ASTAT Tests and debris creation
Figure 2-12 First, ASAT weapons used by US and Russia
Figure 2-13 AEGIS BMD SM-3 Missile Profile
Figure 2-14 Other types of ASATs and their countries
Figure 2-15 Co-orbital-based weapon types
Figure 2-16 Illustration of a practical satellite hack scenario
Figure 2-17 Image of Astroscale’s ELSA-d with the “chaser” and “target” vehicle
Figure 2-18 Visual of mission profile for the Remove Debris mission
Figure 2-19 Photo and cutaway views of the RemoveDebris cube satellite.
Figure 2-20 Sample of current and past orbital platforms
Figure 2-21 Categories of Hypersonic missiles
Figure 2-22 Launch -to- Glide Scenario
Figure 2-23 HGV is capable of skipping across the atmosphere to engage any target on the globe
Figure 2-24 HGV will have more targeting options available
- Space Electronic Warfare, Jamming, Spoofing, and ECD (Nichols & Mai)
Figure 3-1 Right Triangle
Figure 3-2 Triangle on a Sphere
Figure 3-3 Napier’s Rules for Right Spherical Triangles
Figure 3-4 The Ephemeris defines the location of the satellite with six factors
Figure 3-5 Altitude of a Circular Satellite is a Function of its Orbital Period
Figure 3-6 Earth traces of synchronous satellites as they travel in sine wave over global map
Figure 3-7 Representation of Equator on a 2-dimensional paper
Figure 3-8 Representation of Equator on a circular rolled 3-dimensional paper
Figure 3-9 Representation of any inclination as a sine wave on circular rolled 3-dimensional paper- represents a satellites Earth traces
Figure 3-10 The Earth trace is the locus of latitude and longitude of the SVP as the satellite moves through its orbit
Figure 3-11 Lake Meade before water loss 2000
Figure 3-12 Lake Meade after water loss 2021
Figure 13-13 Earth trace of satellite is the path of the SVP over the Earth’s surface in Polar view
Figure 3-14 Earth trace of satellite is the path of the SVP over the Earth’s surface in equatorial view
Figure 3-15 Example calculation: Maximum Range to a synchronous satellite that is on the horizon is 41, 759 km by Kepler’s Laws. Link loss for a 2 GHz signal would be from 189.5 to 190.9 dB
Figure 3-16 The azimuth and elevation angle from the nadir define the direction to a threat to a satellite
Figure 3-17 A spherical triangle is formed between the North Pole, the SVP and the Threat location
Figure 3-18 The elevation from the nadir and range to a threat from a satellite can be determined from the plane triangle defined by the satellite, threat, and the center of the Earth
Figure 3-19 EMS
Figure 3-20 EMS functions
Figure 3-21 Conversion of sound and acoustic wave period to frequency and back
Figure 3-22 Sound EMS regions
Figure 3-23 EMS Reduced
Figure 3-24 Conversion chart – Frequency to wavelength Ratio and Light waves in Vacuum
Figure 3-25 Radar Frequency bands
Figure 3-26 RADAR Bands (use)
Figure 3-27 Path through one-way link
Figure 3-28 One-way RADAR Equation
Figure 3-29 Two-way RADAR equation (Bi-Static)
Figure 3-30 Intercepted Communication Signal
Figure 3-31 Jammed / Spoofed Communications Signal
Figure 3-32 Intercept
Figure 3-33 Spoofing
- Manufacturing in Space (Jackson & Joseph)
Figure 4-1 Long Duration Microgravity Materials Science Research.
Figure 4-2 The Juno spacecraft includes additively manufactured space system components.
Figure 4-3 Additively manufactured waveguide brackets for the Juno spacecraft.
Figure 4-4 (a) An isotherm of the Fe-Ni-Cr ternary phase diagram showing different gradient compositions. The lines represent composition gradients between 304L stainless steel and Invar 36, a simplified Inconel 625 alloy and NiFeCr alloy; (b) An isogrid mirror fabricated using a 3D plastic printer; (c) a fabricated part using laser-engineered net shaping (LENS). The mirror surface of Invar 36 and the isogrid backing is a gradient alloy that transitions from Invar 36 to stainless steel; (d) A gradient alloy mirror assembly with a metal-coated glass mirror attached to the Invar side of the assembly using epoxy; (e) Test samples of a Ti-V gradient alloy being fabricated by LENS; (f) The compositions of the gradient mirror assembly in (d), and (g) hardness and thermal expansions across the gradient mirror assembly
Figure 4-5 NCUBE2 CubeSat integrated with the ESA satellite SSETI-Express.
Materials science and manufacturing aboard the ISS
Figure 4-6 Microgravity Reduces Thermal and Solute Convection
Figure 4-7 Microgravity Minimizes Sedimentation and Buoyancy
Figure 4-8 Materials Science Facilities on the ISS: Materials Science Glovebox (MSG) Facilities
Figure 4-9 Materials Science Facilities on the ISS: Low Gradient Furnace (LGF) & Solidification Quench Furnace (SQF)
Figure 4-10 Microgravity Allows Container-less Processing to Manufacture Items
Figure 4-11 ‘SpiderFab’ is a combination structural elements and multi-dexterous robots that can control and manipulate structural elements.
Figure 4-12 A two-dimensional printed spacecraft being developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Figure 4-13 A robot on the Moon using “contour crafting” to build up a structure, layer by layer.
Figure 4-14 SuperDraco rocket engine uses an additively manufactured Inconel thrust chamber.
Figure 4-15 Lockheed Martin’s Advanced Extremely High Frequency Communications Satellite manufactured with additive processes on the Earth.
Figure 4-16 Circular economy definition framework.
SECTION 2: SPACE CHALLENGES AND OPERATIONS
- Exploration of Key Infrastructure Vulnerabilities from Space-Based Platforms (McCreight)
Figure 5-1 Status of Cyber Security Framework Adoption by Critical Infrastructure Sector
Figure 5-2 CISA Should Improve Priority Setting, Stakeholder Involvement, and Threat Information Sharing
Figure 5-3 Chemical Facility Storage Tanks [DHS-2018]
Figure 5-4 Competing in Space,’ National Air and Space Intelligence Center. Jan 2019
Figure 5-5 Essential Critical Infrastructure Workers
- Trash Collection and Tracking in Space (Hood & Lonstein)
Figure 6-1 Ancient Greece Trash Pit
Figure 6-2 Quark TV Show Space Sanitation Vehicle
Figure 6-3 Space Sustainability
Figure 6-4 Lab Test Result Small Aluminum Ball Hitting Aluminum Block at 7 KM per second
Figure 6-5 Visualization of space debris around Earth
Figure 6-6 Falcon 9 Rocket Pressure Tank
Figure 6-7 Hoba
Figure 6-8 Space debris consists of discarded launch vehicles or parts of a spacecraft, which float around hundreds of miles above Earth
Figure 6-9: The International Space Station photographed from Russian spacecraft after undocking
- Leveraging Space for Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (Carter)
Figure 7-1 “A-Train” satellite constellation
Figure 7-2 Burning in Botswana
Figure 7-3 Dubai Satellite imagery and LiDAR Digital Terrain Models urban strategic information about urban planning and prevention of flooding conditions in urban areas
Figure 7-4 Zieglergasse – Vienna’s First Climate-Adapted Street
Damage Mapping After A Disaster
Figure 7-5 Satellite map of the affected Sri Lankan coast
Figure 7-6 Satellite Images Of Environmental Impact On Coast Post-December 26, 2004, Tsunami
Figure 7-7 Copernicus monitors the impact of traffic congestion at border crossings between the EU Member States during COVID- 19
Figure 7-8 Change in concentration of NO2, ozone, and particulate matter
- Bio-Threats to Agriculture – Solutions from Space (Sincavage, Carter & Nichols)
Figure 8-1 NASA Earth Fleet
Figure 8-2 Layers of Agriculture Investigation
Figure 8-3 ESA-developed_Earth_observation_missions_pillars.jpg
Figure 8-4 ISR Satellites and their Missions Diversity
- Modeling, Simulations, and Extended Reality (Oetken)
Figure 9-1 The Sensoroma
Figure 9-2 The Sword of Damocles
Figure 9-3 The VPL DataGlove and EyePhone
Figure 9-4 The NASA VIEW system
Figure 9-5 The SAS Cube System
Figure 9-6A The Virtual Fixtures Robotic System
Figure 9-6B The Virtual Fixtures Robotic System
Figure 9-7 Google Glass AR Device
Figure 9-8A Microsoft Hololens Device
Figure 9-8B Manipulation Methods
Figure 9-9 6Dof Illustration
Figure 9-10 3DoF Motion Control Platform System
Figure 9-11 MMEVR Testing Environment
Figure 9-12 Boeing Starliner Varjo XR3 Testing
Figure 9-13 NASA T2AR Project Demonstration
Figure 9-14 Mojo Advanced AR Contact Lens
SECTION 3: HUMANITARIAN USE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGIES
- Drones and Precision Agriculture Mapping (Mumm)
Figure 10-1 Autonomous crop data collection
Figure 10-2 Example of integrated data layers accessible from a farm management system
Figure 10-3 Example of the types of agrarian data layers stored and accessible from a farm management system
Figure 10-4 Farmers can use the drone-collected data to determine where livestock can best graze
Figure 10-5 Rendering of NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite, collecting global soil moisture data.
Figure 10-6 Sample rendering of the USDA NRCS gSSURGO satellite gathering soil data
Figure 10-7 Diagram of a wireless sensor node. Image source: Inmarsat (2017).
Figure 10-8 John Deere autonomous tractor
Figure 10-9 Transporter system types, (a) wheel-type, (b) half-crawler, (c) crawler-type
Figure 10-10 An example of augmented-reality farming solutions displayed on a regular handheld device
Figure 10-11 The Future of Weed Control-Drone Precision Spraying
Figure 10-12 Image of the Tertill automated weeder in a backyard garden
Figure 10-13 Overview of how illegal crops could be identified by drones from the U.S. Department of State
Figure 10-14 The first growth test of crops in the Advanced Plant Habitat aboard the International Space Station yielded great results.
Figure 10-15 A picture of ‘Vitacikl-T’ Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP)
Figure 10-16 A rendering of the Canoo Lifestyle Delivery Vehicle
Figure 10-17 Walmart partners with Cruise vehicles for additional robotic delivery coverage
Figure 10-18 An example of the Nuro vehicle Kroger uses
- Civilian use of Space for Environmental, Wildlife Tracking, and Fire Risk Zone Identification (Ryan)
Figure 11-1 Cislunar Space
Figure 11-2 Lagrange Points
Figure 11-3 Oceanic Currents
Figure 11-4 Sea Lions Fitted with Satellite Tags
Figure 11-5 Monitoring Dam Flushing from Space
Figure 11-6 Atmospheric River Between Asia and North America
Figure 11-7 Conceptual artist rendition of how radar altimetry technology is used to gather precision data on sea levels
Figure 11-8 View of Europe – Global Urban Footprint
Figure 11-9 Map The Entire Brick Belt
Figure 11-10 Example Of One Such Jet, Captured By The International Space Station In 2019.
Figure 11-11 Record Breaking Mega-flash Lightning Events
Figure 11-12 Gas Plumes Captured with the Global Airborne Observatory over the Permian Basin in 2019
Figure 11-13 Global Satellite-Derived Map Of PM2.5 Averaged Over 2001-2006.
Figure 11-14 Portrays An Artistic Conception Of The Magnetosphere.
- Humanitarian Use of Space Technologies to Improve Global Food Supply and Cattle Management (Larson)
Figure 12-1. Components of successful smart farming initiative
Figure 12-2. Unmanned ground vehicle designed for autonomous soil sample collection by Estonian University of Life Sciences
Figure 12-3. Spatially variable rate fertilization map in a Sicilian vineyard developed with use of Sentinel-2 Satellite. Two management zones are represented: black cells representing areas of high vegetative vigor and high-water content; white cells representing areas of low vegetative vigor and low water content.
Figure 12-4. Image of Precision Vision 35X as an example of an unmanned air vehicles (UAV) with pesticide application abilities in the agricultural space
Figure 12-5. Red Angus cow wearing a GPS equipped collar that responds to virtual fencing boundaries created using satellite derived geographical information systems maps controllable virtually by the cattle producer
Figure 12-6. One Soil Agricultural in ground weather sensor monitors soil moisture and temperature
Figure 12-7. John Deere Mobile weather sensor technology mounted on hood of self-propelled sprayer
Figure 12-8. John Deere mobile weather technology user interface
Figure 12-9. (a) Movement of 36 cattle over three days in GPS monitored paddock. (b) percentage of time spent in region represented by pixel in satellite image (c) overlay of movement of cattle with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)
Figure 12-10. QuantifiedAg Tag measures animal temperature and activity level to provide inputs for producer interface where list of sick animals to treat is generated. The indicator light on the tag identifies which animals need treatment
Figure 12-11. MOOnitor collar is equipped with remote sensors as well as a GPS module for measuring animal movement, feeding, rumination, head position, etc. for monitoring of general animal health as well as detecting optimal breeding time for females
Figure 12-12. Explanatory diagram of use of unmanned air vehicle (UAV) to determine feed remaining in cattle bunk with capabilities to relay real-time information to feed delivery truck
Figure 12-13. Accu-Trac Vision bunk scanner arm for estimation of cattle feed remaining from the previous day
Figure 12-14 Autonomous unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), BunkBot, equipped with sensor technology for estimating feed remaining in cattle bunk
